@article{fdf83d1ca29944dab38ade27c1810983,
title = "A pilot investigation of an iOS-based app for toilet training children with autism spectrum disorder",
abstract = "We developed an iOS-based app with a transmitter/disposable sensor and corresponding manualized intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. The app signaled the onset of urination, time-stamped accidents for analysis, reminded parents to reinforce intervals of continence, provided a visual outlet for parents to communicate reinforcement, and afforded opportunity for timely feedback from clinicians. We compared this intervention with an intervention that uses standard behavioral treatment in a pilot randomized controlled trial of 33 children with autism spectrum disorder aged 3–6 years with urinary incontinence. Parents in both groups received initial training and four booster consultations over 3 months. Results support the feasibility of parent-mediated toilet training studies (e.g., 84% retention rate, 92% fidelity of parent-implemented intervention). Parents used the app and related technology with few difficulties or malfunctions. There were no statistically significant group differences for rate of urine accidents, toilet usage, or satisfaction at close of intervention or 3-month follow-up; however, the alarm group trended toward greater rate of skill acquisition with significantly less day-to-day intervention. Further development of alarm and related technology and future comparative studies with a greater number of participants are warranted.",
keywords = "autism spectrum disorder, enuresis, randomized controlled trial, technology, toilet training, urine alarm",
author = "Mruzek, {Daniel W.} and Stephen McAleavey and Loring, {Whitney A.} and Eric Butter and Tristram Smith and Erin McDonnell and Lynne Levato and Courtney Aponte and Travis, {Rebekah P.} and Aiello, {Rachel E.} and Taylor, {Cora M.} and Wilkins, {Jonathan W.} and Patricia Corbett-Dick and Finkelstein, {Dianne M.} and York, {Alyssa M.} and Katherine Zanibbi",
note = "Funding Information: The authors gratefully acknowledge Ms. Susan Chapin for her review and feedback regarding implementation of the experimental intervention presented in this study. The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project/research activity was supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under cooperative agreement UA3 MC11054?Autism Intervention Research Network on Physical Health (AIR-P). This information or content and conclusions are those of the authors and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS, or the US Government. This work was conducted through the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network serving as the AIR-P. ClinicalTrials.gov PRS name and registration number: Development of a Manualized Wireless Moisture Pager Intervention for Teaching Toileting in Children with Autism; NCT01978210. Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project/research activity was supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under cooperative agreement UA3 MC11054—Autism Intervention Research Network on Physical Health (AIR-P). This information or content and conclusions are those of the authors and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS, or the US Government. This work was conducted through the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network serving as the AIR-P. ClinicalTrials.gov PRS name and registration number: Development of a Manualized Wireless Moisture Pager Intervention for Teaching Toileting in Children with Autism; NCT01978210. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2017.",
year = "2019",
month = feb,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1177/1362361317741741",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "23",
pages = "359--370",
journal = "Autism",
issn = "1362-3613",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Ltd",
number = "2",
}