All-trans-retinol is a ligand for the retinoic acid receptors

Competition of all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde with ³H-labeled all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) for binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) was examined in human neuroblastoma cell nuclear extracts. All-trans-retinol was 35-fold less potent than all-trans-RA, whereas all-trans-retinaldehyde was 500-fold less active in binding to the nuclear receptors. To confirm that all-trans-retinol binds to RARs, experiments were carried out with RARs α, β, and γ expressed as bacterial fusion proteins. All-trans-retinol was only 4- to 7-fold less potent than all-trans-RA in binding to all three RAR subtypes. The all-trans-retinol binding observed was not the result of metabolism of retinol to RA or some other active compound during the binding experiment. Retinyl acetate was virtually inactive in competition binding experiments, while very slight activity was observed with 13-cis-RA and all-trans-retinaldehyde. Significant competition occurred with 4-hydroxy-RA and 4-keto-RA, which were 15- to 40-fold less potent than all-trans-RA. The 9-cis isomer of RA was equipotent with all-trans-retinol in these studies. These results suggest that all-trans-retinol cannot be excluded as a physiologically significant ligand for RAR-mediated gene expression.