TY - JOUR
T1 - Axial characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single ring constructs
AU - Lewis, Daniel D.
AU - Bronson, Dwight G.
AU - Cross, Alan R.
AU - Welch, Robert D.
AU - Kubilis, Paul S.
N1 - Funding Information:
Objective—Evaluate the effects of varying ring diameter, wire tension, and wire-divergence angle on the axial stiffness characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single-ring constructs. Study Design—Biomechanical evaluation using circular fixator components and a Delrin cylinder bone model. Methods—Single ring constructs using two 1.6 mm diameter Kirschner wires to secure a 19 mm Delrin cylinder centered within the ring were examined. Component variables evaluated were ring diameter (50 mm, 66 mm, 84 mm, and 118 mm), wire-divergence angle (30°, 60°, and 90°), and wire tension (0 kg, 30 kg, 60 kg, and 90 kg). A total of 48 constructs were examined. Rings were rigidly mounted on a universal testing system and the cylinder loaded in axial compression (7.4 N/s) to 220 N. Load/displacement curves were analyzed to determine the following: the displacement (mm) that occurred before the slope of each load/displacement curve became linear, the stiffness (N/mm) of the linear portion of each load/deformation curve, and the total displacement (mm) produced at maximal load. Least-squares linear regression was used to model response variables as linear functions of ring diameter, wire divergence angle, and wire tension. Three-way interactions and 2-way interactions among independent component variables were evaluated first in the modeling process and included in a best model if response variables were found to have statistically significant regression coefficients. The regression coefficients and corresponding standard errors and covariances were used to estimate the maximal effect and standard error attributable to wire divergency angle (change from 30° to 90°) and wire tension (change from 0 to 90 kg) for each ring diameter. Results—All load/deformation curves had an initial exponential increase in stiffness, with the slope becoming linear at higher loads. The exponential phase was more pronounced in larger-diameter ring constructs and was mitigated by tensioning the wires. Ring diameter had the greatest influence on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (semipartial r2 [sp-r2] = .89), stiffness (sp-r2 = .94), and total displacement (sp-r2 = .93). Wire tension exerted a smaller influence on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (sp-r2 = .06), stiffness (sp-r2 = .03), and total displacement (sp-r2 = .05). Wire divergence angle had a nominal effect on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (sp-r2 = .0001), on stiffness (sp-r2 = .004), and on total displacement (sp-r2 = .003). Conclusions—Ring diameter had a profound effect on the axial stiffness characteristic of single ring constructs. Tensioning of the fixation wires can improve the axial stiffness characteristics of these From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and the Center for Veterinary Sports Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX; and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Wildlife Research Laboratory, Gainesville, FL. Materials for this study were provided by IMEX™ Veterinary Inc. One or more of the authors and their institution has received benefits for personal and professional use from the commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Supported by the University of Florida, Center for Veterinary Sports Medicine. University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Journal Series Number: 573 No reprints available. Address correspondence to Daniel D. Lewis, DVM, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126. © Copyright 2001 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons 0161-3499/01/3004-0012$35.00/0 doi:10.1053/jvet.2001.24397
PY - 2001/7
Y1 - 2001/7
N2 - Objective - Evaluate the effects of varying ring diameter, wire tension, and wire-divergence angle on the axial stiffness characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single-ring constructs. Study Design - Biomechanical evaluation using circular fixator components and a Delrin cylinder bone model. Methods - Single ring constructs using two 1.6 mm diameter Kirschner wires to secure a 19 mm Delrin cylinder centered within the ring were examined. Component variables evaluated were ring diameter (50 mm, 66 mm, 84 mm, and 118 mm), wire-divergence angle (30°, 60°, and 90°), and wire tension (0 kg, 30 kg, 60 kg, and 90 kg). A total of 48 constructs were examined. Rings were rigidly mounted on a universal testing system and the cylinder loaded in axial compression (7.4 N/s) to 220 N. Load/displacement curves were analyzed to determine the following: the displacement (mm) that occurred before the slope of each load/displacement curve became linear, the stiffness (N/mm) of the linear portion of each load/deformation curve, and the total displacement (mm) produced at maximal load. Least-squares linear regression was used to model response variables as linear functions of ring diameter, wire divergence angle, and wire tension. Three-way interactions and 2-way interactions among independent component variables were evaluated first in the modeling process and included in a best model if response variables were found to have statistically significant regression coefficients. The regression coefficients and corresponding standard errors and covariances were used to estimate the maximal effect and standard error attributable to wire divergency angle (change from 30° to 90°) and wire tension (change from 0 to 90 kg) for each ring diameter. Results - All load/deformation curves had an initial exponential increase in stiffness, with the slope becoming linear at higher loads. The exponential phase was more pronounced in larger-diameter ring constructs and was mitigated by tensioning the wires. Ring diameter had the greatest influence on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (semipartial r2 [sp-r2] = .89), stiffness (sp-r2 = .94), and total displacement (sp-r2 = .93). Wire tension exerted a smaller influence on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (sp-r2 = .06), stiffness (sp-r2 = .03), and total displacement (sp-r2 = .05). Wire divergence angle had a nominal effect on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (sp-r2 = .0001), on stiffness (sp-r2 = .004), and on total displacement (sp-r2 = .003). Conclusions - Ring diameter had a profound effect on the axial stiffness characteristic of single ring constructs. Tensioning of the fixation wires can improve the axial stiffness characteristics of these constructs, particularly in larger diameter ring constructs, by mitigating the initial exponential phase of the load/deformation curve. Wire divergence angle had only a nominal differential effect on axial stability. Clinical Relevance - Understanding how individual component variables and their interactions influence bone segment stability should help surgeons to optimize interfragmentary strain. Tensioning fixation wires is probably unnecessary in 50 mm diameter ring constructs, but assumes greater importance as ring diameter increases.
AB - Objective - Evaluate the effects of varying ring diameter, wire tension, and wire-divergence angle on the axial stiffness characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single-ring constructs. Study Design - Biomechanical evaluation using circular fixator components and a Delrin cylinder bone model. Methods - Single ring constructs using two 1.6 mm diameter Kirschner wires to secure a 19 mm Delrin cylinder centered within the ring were examined. Component variables evaluated were ring diameter (50 mm, 66 mm, 84 mm, and 118 mm), wire-divergence angle (30°, 60°, and 90°), and wire tension (0 kg, 30 kg, 60 kg, and 90 kg). A total of 48 constructs were examined. Rings were rigidly mounted on a universal testing system and the cylinder loaded in axial compression (7.4 N/s) to 220 N. Load/displacement curves were analyzed to determine the following: the displacement (mm) that occurred before the slope of each load/displacement curve became linear, the stiffness (N/mm) of the linear portion of each load/deformation curve, and the total displacement (mm) produced at maximal load. Least-squares linear regression was used to model response variables as linear functions of ring diameter, wire divergence angle, and wire tension. Three-way interactions and 2-way interactions among independent component variables were evaluated first in the modeling process and included in a best model if response variables were found to have statistically significant regression coefficients. The regression coefficients and corresponding standard errors and covariances were used to estimate the maximal effect and standard error attributable to wire divergency angle (change from 30° to 90°) and wire tension (change from 0 to 90 kg) for each ring diameter. Results - All load/deformation curves had an initial exponential increase in stiffness, with the slope becoming linear at higher loads. The exponential phase was more pronounced in larger-diameter ring constructs and was mitigated by tensioning the wires. Ring diameter had the greatest influence on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (semipartial r2 [sp-r2] = .89), stiffness (sp-r2 = .94), and total displacement (sp-r2 = .93). Wire tension exerted a smaller influence on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (sp-r2 = .06), stiffness (sp-r2 = .03), and total displacement (sp-r2 = .05). Wire divergence angle had a nominal effect on displacement that occurred before the curve became linear (sp-r2 = .0001), on stiffness (sp-r2 = .004), and on total displacement (sp-r2 = .003). Conclusions - Ring diameter had a profound effect on the axial stiffness characteristic of single ring constructs. Tensioning of the fixation wires can improve the axial stiffness characteristics of these constructs, particularly in larger diameter ring constructs, by mitigating the initial exponential phase of the load/deformation curve. Wire divergence angle had only a nominal differential effect on axial stability. Clinical Relevance - Understanding how individual component variables and their interactions influence bone segment stability should help surgeons to optimize interfragmentary strain. Tensioning fixation wires is probably unnecessary in 50 mm diameter ring constructs, but assumes greater importance as ring diameter increases.
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U2 - 10.1053/jvet.2001.24397
DO - 10.1053/jvet.2001.24397
M3 - Article
C2 - 11443601
AN - SCOPUS:0035403263
SN - 0161-3499
VL - 30
SP - 386
EP - 394
JO - Veterinary Surgery
JF - Veterinary Surgery
IS - 4
ER -