Binding of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins to phospholipid bilayers. Contribution of location and/or orientation to GTPase-activating protein activity

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins must bind membranes in an orientation that permits the protein-protein interactions necessary for regulatory activity. RGS4 binds to phospholipid surfaces in a slow, multistep process that leads to maximal GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. When RGS4 is added to phospholipid vesicles that contain m2 or m1 muscarinic receptor and G_i, G_z, or G_q, GAP activity increases ∼3-fold over 4 h at 30 °C and more slowly at 20 °C. This increase in GAP activity is preceded by several other events that suggest that, after binding, optimal interaction with G protein and receptor requires reorientation of RGS4 on the membrane surface, a conformational change, or both. Binding of RGS4 is initially reversible but becomes irreversible within 5 min. Onset of irreversibility parallels initial quenching of tryptophan fluorescence (t_1/2 ∼ 30 s). Further quenching occurs after binding has become irreversible (t_1/2 ∼ 6 min) but is complete well before maximal GAP activity is attained. These processes all appear to be energetically driven by the amphipathic N-terminal domain of RGS4 and are accelerated by palmitoylation of cysteine residues in this region. The RGS4 N-terminal domain confers similar membrane binding behavior on the RGS domains of either RGS10 or RGSZ1.