@article{3d181cd206534e36927ad00cc97d5ef3,
title = "Bladder cancer",
abstract = "Bladder cancer is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not treated optimally. Awareness of haematuria as the major presenting symptom is paramount, and early diagnosis with individualised treatment and follow-up is the key to a successful outcome. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the mainstay of treatment is complete resection of the tumour followed by induction and maintenance immunotherapy with intravesical BCG vaccine or intravesical chemotherapy. For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, multimodal treatment involving radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy offers the best chance for cure. Selected patients with muscle-invasive tumours can be offered bladder-sparing trimodality treatment consisting of transurethral resection with chemoradiation. Advanced disease is best treated with systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy; immunotherapy is emerging as a viable salvage treatment for patients in whom first-line chemotherapy cannot control the disease. Developments in the past 2 years have shed light on genetic subtypes of bladder cancer that might differ from one another in response to various treatments.",
author = "Kamat, {Ashish M.} and Hahn, {Noah M.} and Efstathiou, {Jason A.} and Lerner, {Seth P.} and Malmstr{\"o}m, {Per Uno} and Woonyoung Choi and Guo, {Charles C.} and Yair Lotan and Wassim Kassouf",
note = "Funding Information: We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library for manuscripts published in English from database inception to Aug 31, 2015. We searched for all articles with the search terms “urothelial carcinoma” or “bladder cancer” in combination with any of the following terms: “epidemiology”, “genetics”, “pathophysiology”, “diagnosis”, “urinary markers”, “biopsy”, “treatment”, “surgery”, “radiation therapy”, “chemotherapy”, “medical therapy”, “chemoradiation”, “trimodality therapy”, “bladder-sparing therapy”, “bladder preservation”, “targeted therapy”, “metastatic”, “muscle-invasive”, “randomized controlled trial”, “clinical trial, phase II”, or “clinical trial, phase III”, “variant”, “squamous differentiation”, “glandular differentiation”, “trophoblastic differentiation”, “micropapillary”, “plasmacytoid”, “nested”, “small cell carcinoma”, “microcystic”, “lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma”, “clear cell”, “lipoid”, “sarcomatoid”, “rhabdoid”, “large cell undifferentiated”, and “immunohistochemistry”. We also searched references cited in selected articles identified by this initial search to identify additional relevant papers. We also searched abstracts from genitourinary oncology meetings sponsored by the American Urological Association (AUA), the Society of Urologic Oncology, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Society for Radiation Oncology, the European Association of Urology (EAU), the European Society for Medical Oncology, and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology. We selected publications from the past 5 years except when an older study had the most robust data about a particular question. We gave more weight to randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses. Additionally, we cross-referenced present AUA, EAU, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence practice guidelines for bladder cancer. The articles finally included in this Seminar were selected on the basis of consensus of the Seminar's authors. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2016",
month = dec,
day = "3",
doi = "10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30512-8",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "388",
pages = "2796--2810",
journal = "The Lancet",
issn = "0140-6736",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
number = "10061",
}