@article{61ea57ede75f488d9e9be92d64aa5839,
title = "Brain Machine Interfaces for Vision Restoration: The Current State of Cortical Visual Prosthetics",
abstract = "Loss of vision alters the day to day life of blind individuals and may impose a significant burden on their family and the economy. Cortical visual prosthetics have been shown to have the potential of restoring a useful degree of vision via stimulation of primary visual cortex. Due to current advances in electrode design and wireless power and data transmission, development of these prosthetics has gained momentum in the past few years and multiple sites around the world are currently developing and testing their designs. In this review, we briefly outline the visual prosthetic approaches and describe the history of cortical visual prosthetics. Next, we focus on the state of the art of cortical visual prosthesis by briefly explaining the design of current devices that are either under development or in the clinical testing phase. Lastly, we shed light on the challenges of each design and provide some potential solutions.",
keywords = "Blindness, Brain computer interface, Electrode array, Stimulation, Visual cortex, Visual prosthetic",
author = "Soroush Niketeghad and Nader Pouratian",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the SecondSight Inc. for providing a platform that allowed us to have hands on experience with their state of the art cortical visual prosthesis (Orion) and understand some of the challenges of design, implantation, and testing of these devices. Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the online version of this article. Funding Information: Cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind (CORTIVIS) is a multi-site project supported by the Commission of the European Communities aiming at developing an intracortical visual cortical prosthesis [66]. CORTIVIS takes advantage of the Utah electrode array (UEA) which has been FDA approved for long-term human studies. UEA consists of 100 narrow silicon microelectrodes protruding 1.0–1.5 mm from a flat rectangular 4 mm by 4 mm base that lays on the surface of the lateral occipital cortex (Fig. 3) [67]. Similar to the ICVP project, an implanted AISC receives the stimulation parameters and power via wireless link from an external RF block connected to a pocket-size processor [68]. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc.",
year = "2019",
month = jan,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1007/s13311-018-0660-1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "16",
pages = "134--143",
journal = "Neurotherapeutics",
issn = "1933-7213",
publisher = "Springer New York",
number = "1",
}