Congenital Hand Differences: Embryology and Classification

Douglas M. Sammer, Kevin C. Chung

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

10 Scopus citations

Abstract

Congenital hand differences affect approximately 1 in 500 persons and present unique diagnostic and classification challenges. The embryology of the hand and upper extremity is discussed, including the molecular basis for patterning of the upper limb. The Swanson/International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand classification system is described, along with a discussion of the difficulties in classifying congenital hand differences based on morphology or etiology.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)151-156
Number of pages6
JournalHand clinics
Volume25
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2009

Keywords

  • Anomaly
  • Classification
  • Congenital
  • Differences
  • Embryology
  • Hand
  • Malformation
  • Pediatric

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Surgery
  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

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