TY - JOUR
T1 - Deep dose plugin
T2 - Towards real-Time Monte Carlo dose calculation through a deep learning-based denoising algorithm
AU - Bai, Ti
AU - Wang, Biling
AU - Nguyen, Dan
AU - Jiang, Steve
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd.
PY - 2021/6
Y1 - 2021/6
N2 - Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered the gold standard method for radiotherapy dose calculation. However, achieving high precision requires a large number of simulation histories, which is time-consuming. The use of computer graphics processing units (GPUs) has greatly accelerated MC simulation and allows dose calculation within a few minutes for a typical radiotherapy treatment plan. However, some clinical applications demand real-Time efficiency for MC dose calculation. To tackle this problem, we have developed a real-Time, deep learning (DL)-based dose denoiser that can be plugged into a current GPU-based MC dose engine to enable real-Time MC dose calculation. We used two different acceleration strategies to achieve this goal: (1) we applied voxel unshuffle and voxel shuffle operators to decrease the input and output sizes without any information loss, and (2) we decoupled the 3D volumetric convolution into a 2D axial convolution and a 1D slice convolution. In addition, we used a weakly supervised learning framework to train the network, which greatly reduces the size of the required training dataset and thus enables fast fine-Tuning-based adaptation of the trained model to different radiation beams. Experimental results show that the proposed denoiser can run in as little as 39 ms, which is 11.6 times faster than the baseline model. As a result, the whole MC dose calculation pipeline can be finished within 0.15 s, including both GPU MC dose calculation and DL-based denoising, achieving the real-Time efficiency needed for some radiotherapy applications, such as online adaptive radiotherapy.
AB - Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered the gold standard method for radiotherapy dose calculation. However, achieving high precision requires a large number of simulation histories, which is time-consuming. The use of computer graphics processing units (GPUs) has greatly accelerated MC simulation and allows dose calculation within a few minutes for a typical radiotherapy treatment plan. However, some clinical applications demand real-Time efficiency for MC dose calculation. To tackle this problem, we have developed a real-Time, deep learning (DL)-based dose denoiser that can be plugged into a current GPU-based MC dose engine to enable real-Time MC dose calculation. We used two different acceleration strategies to achieve this goal: (1) we applied voxel unshuffle and voxel shuffle operators to decrease the input and output sizes without any information loss, and (2) we decoupled the 3D volumetric convolution into a 2D axial convolution and a 1D slice convolution. In addition, we used a weakly supervised learning framework to train the network, which greatly reduces the size of the required training dataset and thus enables fast fine-Tuning-based adaptation of the trained model to different radiation beams. Experimental results show that the proposed denoiser can run in as little as 39 ms, which is 11.6 times faster than the baseline model. As a result, the whole MC dose calculation pipeline can be finished within 0.15 s, including both GPU MC dose calculation and DL-based denoising, achieving the real-Time efficiency needed for some radiotherapy applications, such as online adaptive radiotherapy.
KW - Deep learning
KW - Denoise
KW - Monte Carlo dose calculation
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U2 - 10.1088/2632-2153/abdbfe
DO - 10.1088/2632-2153/abdbfe
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105061463
SN - 2632-2153
VL - 2
JO - Machine Learning: Science and Technology
JF - Machine Learning: Science and Technology
IS - 2
M1 - 025033
ER -