TY - JOUR
T1 - Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer mortality in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II
AU - Cardenas, Victor M.
AU - Thun, Michael J.
AU - Austin, Harland
AU - Lally, Cathy A.
AU - Clark, W. Scott
AU - Greenberg, Raymond S.
AU - Heath, Clark W.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements — The authors are grateful for the cooperation of the principal investigators of NCI SEER Cancer Registries, and Dr Christina Park, from CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics for prompt replies to our inquiries. The authors also thank Audrey Earles for preparation of the manuscript, Mohan Nam-boodiri, Heidi Miracle-McMahill, Diane Terrell, and Dena Myers for programming support, and Dollie D. Daniels and Luis Escobedo for their dedicated editing. Dr Cardenas is recipient of WK Kellogg Foundation and Emory University financial awards.
PY - 1997
Y1 - 1997
N2 - Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been classified as a human lung carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based both on the chemical similarity of sidestream and mainstream smoke and on slightly higher lung cancer risk in never-smokers whose spouses smoke compared with those married to nonsmokers. We evaluated the relation between ETS and lung cancer prospectively in the US, among 114,286 female and 19,549 male never-smokers, married to smokers, compared with about 77,000 female and 77,000 male never-smokers whose spouses did not smoke. Multivariate analyses, based on 247 lung cancer deaths, controlled for age, race, diet, and occupation. Dose-response analyses were restricted to 92,222 women whose husbands provided complete information on cigarette smoking and date of marriage. Lung cancer death rates, adjusted for other factors, were 20 percent higher among women whose husbands ever smoked during the current marriage than among those married to never-smokers (relative risk [RR] = 1.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.8-1.6). For never-smoking men whose wives smoked, the RR was 1.1 (CI = 0.6-1.8). Risk among women was similar or higher when the husband continued to smoke (RR = 1.2, CI = 0.8-1.8), or smoked 40 or more cigarettes per day (RR = 1.9, CI = 1.0-3.6), but did not increase with years of marriage to a smoker. Most CIs included the null. Although generally not statistically significant, these results agree with the EPA summary estimate that spousal smoking increases lung cancer risk by about 20 percent in never-smoking women. Even large prospective studies have limited statistical power to measure precisely the risk from ETS.
AB - Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been classified as a human lung carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based both on the chemical similarity of sidestream and mainstream smoke and on slightly higher lung cancer risk in never-smokers whose spouses smoke compared with those married to nonsmokers. We evaluated the relation between ETS and lung cancer prospectively in the US, among 114,286 female and 19,549 male never-smokers, married to smokers, compared with about 77,000 female and 77,000 male never-smokers whose spouses did not smoke. Multivariate analyses, based on 247 lung cancer deaths, controlled for age, race, diet, and occupation. Dose-response analyses were restricted to 92,222 women whose husbands provided complete information on cigarette smoking and date of marriage. Lung cancer death rates, adjusted for other factors, were 20 percent higher among women whose husbands ever smoked during the current marriage than among those married to never-smokers (relative risk [RR] = 1.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.8-1.6). For never-smoking men whose wives smoked, the RR was 1.1 (CI = 0.6-1.8). Risk among women was similar or higher when the husband continued to smoke (RR = 1.2, CI = 0.8-1.8), or smoked 40 or more cigarettes per day (RR = 1.9, CI = 1.0-3.6), but did not increase with years of marriage to a smoker. Most CIs included the null. Although generally not statistically significant, these results agree with the EPA summary estimate that spousal smoking increases lung cancer risk by about 20 percent in never-smoking women. Even large prospective studies have limited statistical power to measure precisely the risk from ETS.
KW - Environmental tobacco smoke
KW - Lung cancer
KW - Nonsmokers
KW - United States
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0031056309&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0031056309&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1023/A:1018483121625
DO - 10.1023/A:1018483121625
M3 - Article
C2 - 9051323
AN - SCOPUS:0031056309
SN - 0957-5243
VL - 8
SP - 57
EP - 64
JO - Cancer Causes and Control
JF - Cancer Causes and Control
IS - 1
ER -