@article{081fb6be158b454288bfe72ce22610c7,
title = "Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns",
abstract = "For centuries, biologists have used phenotypes to infer evolution. For decades, a handful of gene markers have given us a glimpse of the genotype to combine with phenotypic traits. Today, we can sequence entire genomes from hundreds of species and gain yet closer scrutiny. To illustrate the power of genomics, we have chosen skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae). The genomes of 250 representative species of skippers reveal rampant inconsistencies between their current classification and a genome-based phylogeny. We use a dated genomic tree to define tribes (six new) and subtribes (six new), to overhaul genera (nine new) and subgenera (three new), and to display convergence in wing patterns that fooled researchers for decades. We find that many skippers with similar appearance are distantly related, and several skippers with distinct morphology are close relatives. These conclusions are strongly supported by different genomic regions and are consistent with some morphological traits. Our work is a forerunner to genomic biology shaping biodiversity research.",
keywords = "Genomics, Higher classification, Lepidoptera, Mimicry, Taxonomy",
author = "Wenlin Li and Qian Cong and Jinhui Shen and Jing Zhang and Winnie Hallwachs and Janzen, {Daniel H.} and Grishin, {Nick V.}",
note = "Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank the Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste, Costa Rica (ACG) parataxonomists who found and reared many specimens used in this study. We are grateful to Robert K. Robbins, John M. Burns, and Brian Harris (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution); Blanca Huertas, David Lees, and Geoff Martin (Natural History Museum, London); David Grimaldi and Courtney Richenbacher (American Museum of Natural History); Andrew D. Warren and Andrei Sourakov (McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity); Edward G. Riley, Karen Wright, and John Oswald (Texas A&M University Insect Collection), John Rawlins (Carnegie Museum of Natural History); Weiping Xie (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History); Crystal Maier and Rebekah Baquiran (The Field Museum of Natural History); Vince Lee (California Academy of Sciences); James R. Reddell (University of Texas Biodiversity Center); Wolfram Mey (Berlin Museum f{\"u}r Naturkunde) for granting access to the collections under their care and for stimulating discussions; Bernard Hermier, Ernst Brockmann, and Paul A. Opler for specimens and generously sharing COI barcode sequences through the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) database (www.boldsystems.org/); Jim P. Brock, William R. Dempwolf, Bernard Hermier, John MacDonald, and James A. Scott for specimens; Gerardo Lamas, Bernard Hermier, and Jonathan Pelham for fruitful discussions; Bernard Hermier, Lisa N. Kinch, and R. Dustin Schaeffer for critical reading of the manuscript; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (Natural Resources Program Director David H. Riskind) for Research Permit 08-02Rev; and US National Park Service for the research permits: Big Bend (Raymond Skiles) for BIBE-2004-SCI-0011 and Yellowstone (Erik Oberg and Annie Carlson) for YELL-2017-SCI-7076. We acknowledge the Texas Advanced Computing Center at The University of Texas at Austin for providing high-performance computing resources. The study was supported, in part, by National Institutes of Health Grants GM094575 and GM127390 (to N.V.G.) and the Welch Foundation Grant I-1505 (to N.V.G.). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2019",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.1821304116",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "116",
pages = "6232--6237",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "National Academy of Sciences",
number = "13",
}