Inhibition of corneal fibrosis by topical application of blocking antibodies to TGF(β) in the rabbit

Previous studies have shown that TGF(β1) induces activation and myofibroblast transformation of cultured rabbit corneal keratocytes. To determine whether TGF(β) has a similar function in vivo, we evaluated the effect of TGF(β)-blocking antibodies on corneal fibrosis after lamellar keratectomy (LK) in the rabbit. A total of 51 rabbits received standard LK wounds, and eyes were treated with 511 μl of Celluvisc/PBS, containing 10, 50, or 100 μg of 1D11, a mouse monoclonal anti-TGF(β)-blocking antibody. Control wounds received either 100 μg of an irrelevant mouse monoclonal antibody or vehicle alone. At days 14, 28, 42, and 56, eyes were evaluated by in vivo confocal microscopy (CM) and the mice were killed for light microscopy (LM) and immunostaining with antibodies to human fibronectin. In vivo CM of LK wounds clearly identified a disorganized layer that contained irregularly arranged fibroblasts and reflective extracellular matrix overlying normal corneal stroma. In a subset of 11 eyes stained with 5-(4,6- dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein (DTAF) immediately after injury, the thickness of the disorganized layer identified by in vivo CM significantly correlated with both anterior corneal fibrosis (r = 0.627; p < 0.025) and depth of keratocyte activation (r = 0.8980; p < 0.0005), indicating that in vivo CM can be used quantitatively to assess anterior stromal fibrosis. In eyes treated with an irrelevant monoclonal antibody, in vivo corneal fibrosis averaged 100±26 μm thick at day 14, whereas treatment with 10, 50, and 100 μg anti-TGF(β) significantly reduced (p < 0.0005) the anterior disorganization in a dose-dependent fashion to 101 ± 32, 45 ± 11, and 56 ± 18 μm, respectively. Semiquantitative measurement of antifibronectin staining within the wound revealed that anti-TGF(β) significantly reduced the intensity of antifibronectin staining in the anterior 50 μm of the corneal stroma (p < 0.003). These findings indicate that TGF(β) plays an important in vivo role in keratocyte activation and myofibroblast transformation. Furthermore, the in vivo use of TGF(β)-blocking antibody effects may allow modulation of corneal fibrosis after refractive surgery.