Interaction of gadolinium-based MR contrast agents with choline: Implications for MR spectroscopy (MRS) of the breast

It has been shown that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can improve the specificity of the MR examination by the spectroscopic detection of choline (Cho). Commonly, the lesion is first visualized on postcontrast studies, and the MRS voxel is prescribed accordingly. The implicit assumption made in this approach is that the presence of gadolinium-based contrast agents will have a negligible effect on the MR spectra obtained from the lesion. In this work, we examined this assumption by determining the effects of six gadolinium-based contrast agents: Magnevist, Multihance, Omniscan, Optimark, ProHance, and Dotarem, on the Cho peak in phantoms and in a rat model for breast cancer. We found that only the three negatively-charged chelates: Magnevist, MultiHance, and Dotarem, broadened the Cho peak in phantoms and reduced the area of the Cho peak in vivo by an average of about 40%. The use of negatively-charged chelates may lead to an underestimation of the levels of Cho present in human breast cancers, since most studies use MRS postcontrast administration. Therefore, we recommend the use of the neutral chelates in MRI/MRS studies of the breast.