Intracellular virus sensor MDA5 mutation develops autoimmune myocarditis and nephritis

Mutations in IFIH1 gene encoding viral RNA sensor MDA5 have been reported responsible for many interferonopathies, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and monogenic lupus, however, the pathological link between IFIH1 mutations and various autoimmune symptoms remains unclear. Here, we generated transgenic mice expressing human MDA5 R779H mutant (R779H Tg), reported in AGS and monogenic lupus patient. Mice spontaneously developed myocarditis and nephritis with upregulation of type I IFNs in the major organs. R779H Tg Mavs^−/− and R779H Tg Ifnar^−/− showed no phenotypes, indicating direct MDA5-signaling pathway involvement. Rag-2 deficiency and bone marrow cells transfer from wild type to adult mice did not prevent myocarditis development, while mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of hMDA5 R779H showed cardiomegaly and high expression of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our study clarifies that type I IFNs production and chemokines from cardiomyocytes starts in neonatal period and is critical for the development of myocarditis. Activated lymphocytes and auto-antibodies exacerbate the pathogenesis but are dispensable for the onset.