TY - JOUR
T1 - Novel immunotherapy approaches for metastatic urothelial and renal cell carcinoma
AU - Shao, Zhiying
AU - Wang, Andrew Z.
AU - George, Daniel J.
AU - Zhang, Tian
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology
PY - 2016/10/1
Y1 - 2016/10/1
N2 - The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and urothelial carcinoma (UC) remains a major challenge. Past research has implicated the immune system in tumor surveillance of both malignancies, leading to the application of immunotherapy agents for both cancers. Among them, the most promising agents are the checkpoint blockade drugs, such as antibodies targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1). In normal physiology, these immune checkpoints act as inhibitory signals to fine-tune the duration and strength of immune reactions, which is pivotal for maintaining self-tolerance. However, tumor cells also utilize immune checkpoint pathways to evade anti-tumor immune response, leading to disease progression and metastasis. Thus, there has been intense preclinical and clinical effort focused on the application of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic RCC and UC. To date, nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) have been approved for the treatment of metastatic RCC and UC, respectively. Despite these successes, challenges remain in how to further improve response rates to immunotherapy and how to select patients that will benefit from this approach. In this report, we review existing data and research on immunotherapy in metastatic RCC and UC.
AB - The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and urothelial carcinoma (UC) remains a major challenge. Past research has implicated the immune system in tumor surveillance of both malignancies, leading to the application of immunotherapy agents for both cancers. Among them, the most promising agents are the checkpoint blockade drugs, such as antibodies targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1). In normal physiology, these immune checkpoints act as inhibitory signals to fine-tune the duration and strength of immune reactions, which is pivotal for maintaining self-tolerance. However, tumor cells also utilize immune checkpoint pathways to evade anti-tumor immune response, leading to disease progression and metastasis. Thus, there has been intense preclinical and clinical effort focused on the application of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic RCC and UC. To date, nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) have been approved for the treatment of metastatic RCC and UC, respectively. Despite these successes, challenges remain in how to further improve response rates to immunotherapy and how to select patients that will benefit from this approach. In this report, we review existing data and research on immunotherapy in metastatic RCC and UC.
KW - Atezolizumab
KW - Immune checkpoint inhibitors
KW - Nivolumab
KW - Pembrolizumab
KW - Renal cell carcinoma
KW - Urothelial carcinoma
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85021847541&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85021847541&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.08.013
DO - 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.08.013
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29264195
AN - SCOPUS:85021847541
SN - 2214-3882
VL - 3
SP - 268
EP - 277
JO - Asian Journal of Urology
JF - Asian Journal of Urology
IS - 4
ER -