@article{e71623098aa74eb49a5589148ba74e1b,
title = "Nuclear genomes distinguish cryptic species suggested by their DNA barcodes and ecology",
abstract = "DNA sequencing brings another dimension to exploration of biodiversity, and large-scale mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I barcoding has exposed many potential new cryptic species. Here, we add complete nuclear genome sequencing to DNA barcoding, ecological distribution, natural history, and subtleties of adult color pattern and size to show that a widespread neotropical skipper butterfly known as Udranomia kikkawai (Weeks) comprises three different species in Costa Rica. Full-length barcodes obtained from all three century-old Venezuelan syntypes of U. kikkawai show that it is a rainforest species occurring from Costa Rica to Brazil. The two new species are Udranomia sallydaleyae Burns, a dry forest denizen occurring from Costa Rica to Mexico, and Udranomia tomdaleyi Burns, which occupies the junction between the rainforest and dry forest and currently is known only from Costa Rica. Whereas the three species are cryptic, differing but slightly in appearance, their complete nuclear genomes totaling 15 million aligned positions reveal significant differences consistent with their 0.00065-Mbp (million base pair) mitochondrial barcodes and their ecological diversification. DNA barcoding of tropical insects reared by a massive inventory suggests that the presence of cryptic species is a widespread phenomenon and that further studies will substantially increase current estimates of insect species richness.",
keywords = "ACG, Butterflies, Cryptic species, DNA barcoding, Genomics",
author = "Janzen, {Daniel H.} and Burns, {John M.} and Qian Cong and Winnie Hallwachs and Tanya Dapkey and Ramya Manjunath and Mehrdad Hajibabaei and Hebert, {Paul D.N.} and Grishin, {Nick V.}",
note = "Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the unflagging support of the team of ACG parataxonomists (3, 5) who found and reared the specimens used in this study and the team of biodiversity managers who protect and manage the ACG forests that host these insects and their food plants. We thank Donald J. Harvey for dissecting genitalia and Karie Darrow for photographing some of them, as well as adult specimens. We are indebted to Phil Perkins, Rachel Hawkins, and Naomi Pierce (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University) for the loan of U. kikkawai type series specimens for DNA analysis essential for this study. The two new species are named in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Tom and Sally Daley of Moraga, CA, in recognition of their many years of diligent management of the Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund financial bureaucracy. This study has been supported by US National Science Foundation Grants BSR 9024770 and DEB 9306296, 9400829, 9705072, 0072730, and 0515699; and grants from the Wege Foundation, International Conservation Fund of Canada, Jessie B. Cox Charitable Trust, Blue Moon Fund, Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund, Area de Conservaci{\'o}n Guanacaste, Permian Global, Smithsonian Institution (National Museum of Natural History), US Department of Agriculture Systematic Entomology Laboratory, individual private donors, the University of Pennsylvania (D.H.J. and W.H.), National Institutes of Health Grant GM094575, and the Welch Foundation Grant I-1505 (to N.V.G.). This study has been supported by the Government of Canada through its ongoing support of the Canadian National Collection, Genome Canada, the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, the Ontario Genomics Institute, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.",
year = "2017",
month = aug,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.1621504114",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "114",
pages = "8313--8318",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "National Academy of Sciences",
number = "31",
}