Oxygen for respiratory support of moderate and late preterm and term infants at birth: Is air best?

Oxygen has been used for newborn infant resuscitation for more than two centuries. In the last two decades, concerns about oxidative stress and injury have changed this practice. Air (FiO₂ 0.21) is now preferred as the starting point for respiratory support of infants 34 weeks gestation and above. These recommendations are derived from studies that were conducted on asphyxiated, term infants, recruited more than 10 years ago using strategies that are not commonly used today. The applicability of these recommendations to current practice, is uncertain. In addition, whether initiating respiratory support with air for infants with pulmonary disorders provides sufficient oxygenation is also unclear. This review will address these concerns and provide suggestions for future steps to address knowledge and practice gaps.