Recognition of DNA by GAL4 in Solution: Use of a Monomeric Protein—DNA Complex for Study by NMR

The complex of a monomer of GAL4 with DNA has been investigated by two-dimensional ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Previous X-ray analysis has revealed a structure in which a dimer of the N-terminal 65-residue fragment of GAL4 forms a complex, 27 kDa in molecular mass, with a 19 base pair full-binding-site DNA [Marmorstein, R., Carey, M., Ptashne, M., & Harrison, S. C. (1992) Nature 356, 408–414]. We have developed a smaller system, half in molecular mass, which is amenable for detailed analysis using NMR. Titration of a 10 base pair half-binding-site DNA with GAL4-(65) shows 1:1 binding, illustrating that one monomer of the protein binds in a specific manner to half-site DNA. The components of the protein-DNA complex are mainly in fast exchange on the NMR chemical shift time scale, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 161 ± 12 µM. With a basis of chemical shift data for free GAL4 protein and for the free half-site DNA, the fast exchange facilitates ¹H resonance assignments in the complex since cross-peak positions can be examined at different protein:DNA ratios. Chemical shift changes in the DNA reveal the base pairs that are important for recognition by GAL4. Intermolecular NOE cross-peaks are also observed in spectra of the protein-DNA complex. Their identification places the C-terminal end of the first α-helix (residues 12–17) in a position such that the amino acids are able to read the DNA sequence in a manner entirely consistent with the X-ray structure of the related complex. Dimerization of GAL4 therefore is not required for specific recognition of the base pairs present in half of the binding-site DNA.