Regulation of energy metabolism in macrophages during hypoxia: Roles of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and ribose 1,5-bisphosphate

Takumi Kawaguchi, Richard L. Veech, Kosaku Uyeda

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

64 Scopus citations

Abstract

Macrophages can adapt to the absence of oxygen by switching to anaerobic glycolysis. In this study, we investigated (a) the roles of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) and ribose 1,5-bisphosphate (Rib-1,5-P2), tent activators of phosphofructokinase, (b) the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of Rib-1,5-P2, and (c) the mechanisms of regulation of these enzymes in H36.12j macrophages during the initial phase of hypoxia. Within 1 min after initiating hypoxia, glycolysis was activated through activation of phosphofructokinase. Over the same period, Fru-2,6-P2 decreased 50% and recovered completely upon reoxygenation. Similar changes in cAMP levels were observed. In contrast, the Rib-1,5-P 2 concentration rapidly increased to a maximum level of 8.0 ± 0.9 nmol/g cell 30 s after hypoxia. Thus, Rib-1,5-P2 was the major factor increasing the rate of glycolysis during the initial phase of hypoxia. Moreover, we found that Rib-1,5-P2 was synthesized by two steps: the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase (5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate synthetase; PRPP synthetase) reaction (EC 2.7.6.1) catalyzing the reaction, Rib-5-P + ATP-PRPP + AMP and a new enzyme, "PRPP pyrophosphatase" catalyzing the reaction, PRPP - Rib-1,5-P2 + Pi. Both PRPP synthetase and PRPP pyrophosphatase were significantly activated 30 s after hypoxia. Pretreatment with 1-octadecyl-2-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine and calphostin C prevented the activation of ribose PRPP synthetase and PRPP pyrophosphatase as well as increase in Rib-1,5-P2 and activation of phosphofructokinase 30 s after hypoxia. These data suggest that the activation of the above enzymes was mediated by protein kinase C acting via activation of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C in the macrophages during hypoxia.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)28554-28561
Number of pages8
JournalJournal of Biological Chemistry
Volume276
Issue number30
DOIs
StatePublished - Jul 27 2001

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

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