Smoking has a dose-dependent effect on the incidence of preoperative opioid consumption in female geriatric patients with spine disease

Zachary K. Christian, Carl A. Youssef, Salah G. Aoun, Olusoji Afuwape, Umaru Barrie, Zachary D. Johnson, Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Kristen Hall, Valery Peinado Reyes, Sarah A. Wingfield, Carlos A. Bagley

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Medicine & Life Sciences