Endocrine differentiation of the fetal rabbit ovary in culture [11]

Although virilisation of the male fetus is accomplished in large part by the secretion of testosterone from the testis during embryogenesis¹, little is known about the function, if any, of the fetal ovary in female embryonic development. On the basis of studies in rabbits, in which castrate fetuses developed as pheno-typic females, lost concluded that the ovary does not have an active role in sexual differentiation². However, we have demonstrated that the onset of oestrogen formation in the fetal ovaries of rabbit and man occurs at approximately the same time that the fetal testis develops the capacity to form androgens^3,4, and Mauleon et al. ⁵ have demonstrated that the fetal sheep ovary secretes 17β-oestradiol before the onset of testosterone synthesis by the testis. These findings suggest that ovarian function is important during embryonic development. In the fetal rabbit, the onset of testosterone synthesis in the testis coincides with the appearance of 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ ^4,5-iso-merase activity^3,6,7. The mechanism regulating the time of appearance and the amount of this activity remains unclear, although the enzyme develops in fetal gonads cultured in chemically defined medium ⁷, suggesting that the regulation of testosterone synthesis is intrinsic to the fetal testis. To gain insight into the factors responsible for the onset of endocrine function of the ovary we have compared the enzymatic development of embryonic rabbit ovaries and testes in organ culture. The results indicate that the enzymatic differentiation of fetal ovaries is also independent of hormonal induction and occurs in culture at the same time as endocrine differentiation of the fetal ovary in vivo.