Familial Alzheimer disease-linked mutations specifically disrupt Ca ²⁺ leak function of presenilin 1

Mutations in presenilins are responsible for approximately 40% of all early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) cases in which a genetic cause has been identified. In addition, a number of mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) have been suggested to be associated with the occurrence of frontal temporal dementia (FTD). Presenilins are highly conserved transmembrane proteins that support cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase. Recently, we discovered that presenilins also function as passive ER Ca²⁺ leak channels. Here we used planar lipid bilayer reconstitution assays and Ca ²⁺ imaging experiments with presenilin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts to analyze ER Ca²⁺ leak function of 6 FAD-linked PS1 mutants and 3 known FTD-associated PS1 mutants. We discovered that L166P, A246E, E273A, G384A, and P436Q FAD mutations in PS1 abolished ER Ca²⁺ leak function of PS1. In contrast, A79V FAD mutation or FTD-associated mutations (L113P, G183V, and Rins352) did not appear to affect ER Ca²⁺ leak function of PS1 in our experiments. We validated our findings in Ca²⁺ imaging experiments with primary fibroblasts obtained from an FAD patient possessing mutant PS1-A246E. Our results indicate that many FAD mutations in presenilins are loss-of-function mutations affecting ER Ca²⁺ leak activity. In contrast, none of the FTD-associated mutations affected ER Ca ²⁺ leak function of PS1, indicating that the observed effects are disease specific. Our observations are consistent with the potential role of disturbed Ca²⁺ homeostasis in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.