@article{3b96f3107e49439b94e4b73e08e33bc7,
title = "Hypothalamic orexin neurons regulate arousal according to energy balance in mice",
abstract = "Mammals respond to reduced food availability by becoming more wakeful and active, yet the central pathways regulating arousal and instinctual motor programs (such as food seeking) according to homeostatic need are not well understood. We demonstrate that hypothalamic orexin neurons monitor indicators of energy balance and mediate adaptive augmentation of arousal in response to fasting. Activity of isolated orexin neurons is inhibited by glucose and leptin and stimulated by ghrelin. Orexin expression of normal and ob/ob mice correlates negatively with changes in blood glucose, leptin, and food intake. Transgenic mice, in which orexin neurons are ablated, fail to respond to fasting with increased wakefulness and activity. These findings indicate that orexin neurons provide a crucial link between energy balance and arousal.",
author = "Akihiro Yamanaka and Beuckmann, {Carsten T.} and Willie, {Jon T.} and Junko Hara and Natsuko Tsujino and Michihiro Mieda and Makoto Tominaga and Yagami, {Ken Ichi} and Fumihiro Sugiyama and Katsutoshi Goto and Masashi Yanagisawa and Takeshi Sakurai",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank Drs. M. Brown, M. Masu, T. Yada, C. Sinton, and R. Chemelli for valuable discussions, and N. Kajiwara, K. Furuya, S. Dixon, S. Seyedkalal, and B. Perkins for technical assistance. M.Y. is an Investigator and C.T.B. is a former Associate of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. J.T.W. is a joint fellow of the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Medical Scientist Training Program of UTSW. This study was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan; University of Tsukuba Project Research; Novartis Foundation (Japan) for the Promotion of Science; the Mitsubishi Foundation; the Uehara Memorial Foundation; the W.M. Keck Foundation; the Perot Family Foundation; and the ERATO from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation.",
year = "2003",
month = jun,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00331-3",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "38",
pages = "701--713",
journal = "Neuron",
issn = "0896-6273",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "5",
}