Laparoscopic evaluation of the nonpalpable testis: A prospective assessment of accuracy

To assess diagnostic accuracy, laparoscopy and surgical exploration were prospectively performed in 104 children with 126 nonpalpable testes. Laparoscopic localization of the testis was correct in 90% (114 of 126 testes) and was nondiagnostic in 8% largely due to preperitoneal insufflation. No surgical complications occurred. Using the criteria of blind-ending vas deferens and spermatic vessels as diagnostic of an intra- abdominal vanishing testis, the accuracy of diagnosis was 100% but the inability to identify either vas or vessels was associated with intra- abdominal testes in 2 of 3 cases. Identification of canalicular vas deferens and spermatic vessels was associated with testes in 36 of 75 cases (48%). Bilateral nonpalpable testes were significantly less likely to have an absent testis (5%) than a unilateral nonpalpable testis (59%), suggesting the possibility of different pathophysiological mechanisms in those entities. Diagnosis and surgical management of nonpalpable testes were directly impacted by laparoscopy in 42 of 117 testes (36%) by identifying intra- abdominal vanishing testis, the location of an intra-abdominal testes or the need for retroperitoneal exploration when vas deferens and spermatic vessels were not found. Accurate knowledge of testis location in 97% of the testes facilitated development of an appropriate surgical strategy (that is laparoscopic/laparoscopic assisted versus open procedure).