Management of obstructive and central sleep apnea

The spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing ranges from primary snoring at one end to obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea at the other end. Obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea have an impact on sleep quality and overall health. Repeated episodes of cessation or decrease in airflow and arousals from sleep occur during obstructive and central sleep apnea events. These episodes may lead to day time manifestations including, but not limited to, unrefreshed sleep, sleepiness, poor attention, hyperactivity, and fatigue. Unrecognized obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea may cause cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurologic, metabolic, and neurocognitive morbidities. Better understanding the underlying pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, and early diagnosis of sleep apnea and its consequences potentially prevent adverse effects on the individual. This article will provide current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea and review emerging therapies for these disorders.