TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma
AU - Finger, Paul T.
AU - Harbour, J. William
AU - Karcioglu, Zeynel A.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors have no commercial or proprietary interest in any product or concept discussed in this article. Supported in part by The EyeCare Foundation, Inc., New York, ( http://www.eyecare foundation.org/) and K08 EY00 38201 Career Development Award of Research to Prevent Blindness (JWH).
PY - 2002
Y1 - 2002
N2 - Children with retinoblastoma typically survive their cancer due to advances in early diagnosis and treatment. Despite this success, risk factors persist for metastasis that are thought to be related to patient age, sex, laterality, treatment, genetics, histopathology, and extraocular extension. This review has found that invasion of the uvea, orbit, and optic nerve continue to be the most important predictors of metastatic retinoblastoma. Bilaterality and delays in diagnosis are also important factors. We examine molecular and genetic studies that offer the potential of predicting which tumors are likely to metastasize, which will recur within the eye, and which will undergo senescence. In this review, we describe which clinical evaluations, genetic studies, and histopathologic evaluations of retrieved specimens are currently used widely. This review has been performed to help those caring for patients with retinoblastoma and to aid informed consent.
AB - Children with retinoblastoma typically survive their cancer due to advances in early diagnosis and treatment. Despite this success, risk factors persist for metastasis that are thought to be related to patient age, sex, laterality, treatment, genetics, histopathology, and extraocular extension. This review has found that invasion of the uvea, orbit, and optic nerve continue to be the most important predictors of metastatic retinoblastoma. Bilaterality and delays in diagnosis are also important factors. We examine molecular and genetic studies that offer the potential of predicting which tumors are likely to metastasize, which will recur within the eye, and which will undergo senescence. In this review, we describe which clinical evaluations, genetic studies, and histopathologic evaluations of retrieved specimens are currently used widely. This review has been performed to help those caring for patients with retinoblastoma and to aid informed consent.
KW - Choroid
KW - Extrascleral
KW - Metastasis
KW - Optic nerve
KW - Orbit
KW - Pathology
KW - Retinoblastoma
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U2 - 10.1016/S0039-6257(01)00279-X
DO - 10.1016/S0039-6257(01)00279-X
M3 - Review article
C2 - 11801265
AN - SCOPUS:0036158159
SN - 0039-6257
VL - 47
SP - 1
EP - 16
JO - Survey of Ophthalmology
JF - Survey of Ophthalmology
IS - 1
ER -